China

CHINA
92 pts
Total Points out of 100

92 pts

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL JOURNAL ARTICLES

Scientific and technical journal articles refer to the number of scientific and engineering articles published in the following fields: physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics, clinical medicine, biomedical research, engineering and technology, and earth and space sciences.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURE

Expenditures for research and development are current and capital expenditures (both public and private) on creative work undertaken systematically to increase knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture, and society, and the use of knowledge for new applications. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development

TRADEMARK APPLICATIONS, DIRECT RESIDENT

Trademark applications filed are applications to register a trademark with a national or regional Intellectual Property (IP) office. A trademark is a distinctive sign which identifies certain goods or services as those produced or provided by a specific person or enterprise

Overview

Data published in 2013 by China’s National Health and Family Planning Commission indicate that there are more than 13 million abortions conducted in China each year. Abortion is legal in China and considered a government service available on request for women, but sex-selective abortion is outlawed. In accordance with its one-child policy to control population growth, family planning and contraceptives are also legal and widely available in China. Although forced abortions are a violation of Chinese law and are not part of any official policy, they were associated and implemented by local authorities with the administration of the one-child policy. Assisted reproductive technologies began to be offered in China in the mid-1980s with the first IVF baby born in Taiwan in 1985. ART centers in China are dedicated to providing patients with many procedures, including IVF treatments, oocyte cryopreservation, elective single embryo transfer, and preimplantation genetic diagnosis, all of which are producers that are legally available throughout China. Despite ART being generally legal in China, the social and cultural atmosphere of the country, along with the one-child policy, has resulted in restrictions on some forms of ART and ART remains inaccessible to many infertile couples in China. Euthanasia is a criminal offense in China and advanced directives are legal but subject to significant restrictions. The Chinese culture traditionally considers the word for “death” to be bad luck and the Chinese tend to spare no effort to get the best medical care available to extend the life of a loved one, even if he/she is very close to death from a terminal disease. Recently, however, a 2013 survey shows that more than two-thirds of Chinese have an open and tolerant perspective toward euthanasia. Doctors in China are also generally beginning to become more supportive of euthanasia practices. In comparison to other countries, China’s regulation of stem cell research is considered relaxed. This can be attributed to the fact that most Chinese citizens do not view the embryo as containing any inherent moral value. In fact, according to Confucianism, a person begins with birth. However, the government has started to implement some regulations as a result of the increased interest in the field. In 2003, the Ministry of Science and Technology, along with the Ministry for Health, issued ethical guidelines for human embryonic stem cell research. The guidelines state that the embryos for research should come only from spared embryos from IVF, fetal cells from accidental spontaneous or voluntarily selected abortions, blastocyst or parthenogenetic split blastocyst obtained by SCNT, and germ cells voluntarily donated. FURTHER READINGS http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013-12/31/content_17206128.htm http://knowledge.ckgsb.edu.cn/2014/05/05/technology/stem-cell-research-in-china-regenerative-economics/
Aabortion

Abortion

86 pts out of 100 / 90,00% complete

86 pts

Abortion and contraception allow women to express their freedom of reproduction by exercising their right of self-determination over their bodies.

Measurement questions

Is abortion lawful to protect woman's life?

Yes

Is abortion lawful to protect woman's physical health?

Yes

Is abortion lawful to protect woman's mental health?

Yes

Is abortion lawful in the event the woman was raped?

Yes

Is abortion lawful in the event of fetal defects?

Yes

Does the law mandate that an abortion is performed at the mere request of a pregnant woman?

Yes

Is RU-486 (Mifepristone) approved or registered for use?

Yes and it is available with prescription

Are emergency contraception drugs lawfully available?

Yes, from a pharmacist without requiring a prescription

Are family planning services provided through government-run programs and facilities?

Yes, directly

Is spousal notification/permission required?

Assisted reproduction

Assisted Reproduction

78 pts out of 100 / 100,00% complete

78 pts

Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) are the methods used to achieve pregnancy by artificial or partially artificial means. Access to assisted reproduction concerns our ability to expand our right to health by offering us access to treatment to overcome infertility.

Measurement questions

Is preimplantation genetic diagnosis permissible?

Yes with no restrictions

Is oocyte cryopreservation permissible?

Yes

Is embryo cryopreservation permissible for reproductive purposes?

Yes

Is sperm donation permissible?

Yes

Is oocyte donation permissible?

Yes

Are IVF surrogacy agreements enforceable?

Yes, commercial and not

Marital status requirements?

Yes

Do same-sex couples have access to ART?

No

Do single women have access to ART?

No

Are there any limits on the number of pre-embryos that can be transferred?

No

End Off Life

End of life

26 pts out of 100 / 100,00% complete

26 pts

End of life decisions concern our ability to make choices concerning the end of our lives and take of the form of refusal of life sustaining treatment, being help in committing suicide, choosing euthanasia, and make choices that must be upheld even when the person becomes unconscious. As Young (2010) noted, "People have an interest in making important decisions about their lives in accordance with their own conception of how they want their lives to go."

Measurement questions

Is passive euthanasia lawful?

Legally prohibited

Is active euthanasia lawful?

Legally prohibited

Is physician-assisted suicide lawful?

Legally prohibited

Are advance directives (AD) enforceable?

Yes but subject to significant restrictions

Is a physician required to respect a patient's refusal of life-sustaining treatment?

Yes

Research With Embryo

Research with embryos

38 pts out of 100 / 100,00% complete

38 pts

Research with embryos and pre-embryos as well as therapeutic cloning concerns scientists’ freedom to investigate human biology as well as patients’ freedom to access regenerative medicine treatments that may be developed as a result of research with human embryonic stem cells. Since the early 2000s, research with embryos has been at the center of an often-polarized debate about the nature and scope of scientific freedom.

Measurement questions

Is basic research using germline modification in human embryos/gametes permitted?

Only permitted on supernumerary embryos

Is pre-clinical research using germline modification technologies in animals permitted?

Yes

Is clinical research using germline modification technologies in humans permitted?

No

Are clinical applications of research using germline modification technologies (i.e., to initiate a pregnancy with edited embryos or with edited gametes) permitted?

No

GM Crops

GM Crops

75 pts out of 100 / 100,00% complete

75 pts

GM crops have contributed significantly to modern agriculture. Plant breeding using genetic modification techniques has led to improving crops in more targeted ways than classical breeding techniques. GM crops acquire desirable characteristics, including pest and herbicide resistance, enhanced robustness against diseases, drought or water tolerance, and healthier profiles that can enhance nutrition.

Measurement questions

Is research on GMOs permitted in the laboratories?

Yes

Is notification to start research on GMOs in laboratories required?

Yes

Is research on GMOs frequent?

Yes

Are GM crop field trials (the limited release into the environment for research purposes) permitted?

Yes

Is authorization to start a GM crop field trial required?

Yes/prohibited

Are GM crop field trials frequent?

Yes

Is cultivation of GM crops (for commercial purposes) in open field permitted?

Yes

Is authorization to start open field cultivation of GM crops required?

Yes/prohibited

Is open field cultivation of GM crops frequent?

No/prohibited

Can GM crop commodities harvested in other countries be imported?

Yes

Is authorization to import GM crop commodities required?

Yes/prohibited

Is the import of GM crop commoties frequent?

Yes

Right To Science Indicators

Right To Science Indicators

Measurement questions

- Access to benefits

What is the total general government expenditure on education?

12.63

What is the expenditure on tertiary as % of government expenditure on education?

23.98

What is the the percentage of population ages 25 and over that attained or completed a doctoral degree or equivalent?

What is the percentage of population that uses the Internet?

53.2

What is the quality of math and science education on a scale from 1 to 7 being "excellent"?

4.5

To what extent is the Internet used in schools for learning purposes?

4.6

What is the scientific literacy of 15-year-old students as measured by the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)(mean score)?

532

- Opportunities to participate

Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring?

Yes

What is the percentage of females employed with advanced degrees out of total employed?

35.6

- Enabling environment

How many scientific and technical journal articles are published each year in physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics, clinical medicine, biomedical research, engineering and technology, and earth and space sciences?

426165.3

What is the percentage of GDP allocated to Research and Development?

2.07

How may published articles have received at least H citations in the period 1996–2014?

49.9

What is the quality of scientific research institutions?

4.6

To what extent do business and universities collaborate on research and development (R&D)?

4.4

What is the average university ranking score of countries based on their top 3 universities?

82.2

To what extent are scientists and engineers available?

4.7

How many professionals are employed as researchers?

2.2

How many professionals are employed by government as researchers?

19.9

- International cooperation

To what extent are talented people attracted from abroad?

4.5

Recent News about China

China turns blind eye to surrogacy

China’s one-child policy officially came to an end on January 1. The government is desperate to increase the birth rate in the face of an ageing population. Less well-known is the reversal of a plan to ban surrogacy. Large families have become a status symbol in some circles in China. In 2011, a photo of eight

Chinese Scientists Genetically Modify Human Embryos In A Divided World

By James Maynard The first genetic modifications of human embryos by researchers in China have left scientists and the global public divided over ethics. People around the world are grouping into several camps over the scientific breakthrough, which has added fuel to the already heated debate. Genetic editing of humans while they develop in the

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